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Data communication and networking by Behring a forouzan 4th edition
Data communications
and networking may be the fastest growing technologies in our culture
today. One of the ramifications of that growth is a dramatic increase in
the number of professions where an understanding of these technologies
is essential for success and a proportionate increase in the number and
types of students taking courses to learn about them.
Data communications and networking are changing the way we do business and the way we live. Business decisions have to be made ever more quickly, and the decision makers require immediate access to accurate information. Why wait a week for that report from Germany to arrive by mail when it could appear almost instantaneously through computer networks? Businesses today rely on computer networks and inter-networks. But before we ask how quickly we can get hooked up, we need to know how networks operate, what types of technologies are available, and which design best fills which set of needs.
The development of the personal computer brought about tremendous changes for business, industry, science, and education. A similar revolution is occurring in data communications and networking. Technological advances are making it possible for communications links to carry more and faster signals. As a result, services are evolving to allow use of this expanded capacity.
Research in data communications and networking has resulted in new technologies. One goal is to be able to exchange data such as text, audio, and video from all points in the world. We want to access the Internet to download and upload information quickly and accurately and at any time.
This part addresses four issues: data communications, networks, the Internet, and protocols and standards. First we give a broad definition of data communications. Then we define networks as a highway on which data can travel. The Internet is discussed as a good example of an inter-network ( a network of networks ). Finally, we discuss different types of protocols, the difference between protocols and standards, and the organizations that set those standards.
Networks exist so that data may be sent from one place to another- the basic concept of data communications. To fully grasp this project, we must understand the data communication components, how different types of data can be represented, and how to create a data flow.
Data communications between remote parties can be achieved through a process called networking, involving the connection of computers, media, and networking devices.
Protocols and standards are vital to the implementation of data communications and networking. Protocols refer to the rules; a standard is a protocol that has been adopted by vendors and manufacturers.
Network models serve to organize, unify, and control the hardware and software components of data communications and networking. Although the term “network model” suggests a relationship to networking, the model also encompasses data communications.
The two dominant networking models are the Open System Interconnection (OSI) and the Internet model (TCP/IP). The first is a theoretical framework; the second is the actual model used in today’s data communications. So, we will discuss the OSI model to give a general background. We then concentrate on the Internet model.
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